Reduced diaphragmatic excursion / expansion / descend
DEFNITION: The evaluation of the expansion or descend of the diaphragm on full inspiration. CAUSES: Reduced diaphragmatic expansion may have local or distal aetiologies. Local aetiologies include muscle spasm of the diaphragm (sub-phrenic absence, gastric irritation, cardiac and pericardial associations, perforating ulcers, hernias and other causes. Distal causes include lesions of the phrenic nerve which […]